Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) for a sustainable development

Common terms:

• Traffic Impact Studies
• Traffic Impact Assessments
• Traffic Impact Analysis
• Transport Assessments

Traffic focuses mainly on road traffic inclusive of public transport (taxis & buses) and pedestrians Whilst. Transport covers all mode of transport including land, air, sea and freight.

Traffic Impact Assessment is a specialized study of the impact of a certain type and size of development on the surrounding transportation system. 

Traffic Impact Assessment was introduced in Malaysia about 12 years ago. Although, it has no legal ground, it has been accepted as a useful tool to examine development impact. 

The purpose of TIA is to determine the impact that a particular development will have on the existing roadway, parking and the transit system. Consequently, a complete TIA shall include proposals to solve the negative impact of the proposed development on the traffic, the transportation system, and the surrounding land uses.

In Malaysia, TIA reports have been used by some local authorities as the basis of levying impact fees or assessing developer contributions to road improvements, congestion, yet also maintain and improve safety.

In trip generation have 4 steps method: 

TRIP GENERATION

Subject to Trip Rates according to land code classification Produced a Malaysian Trip Rate Generation Manual by HPU. 

The relationship between movement of people and vehicles generated by traffic zone with regard to it’s population density or income. Ex: residential area

TRIP ATTRACTION

The relationship between movement of people and vehicles to a traffic zone  in relation to its total employment, retail volume or school population in that traffic zone. Example: Shopping Area, school, offices, industrial area, commercial zone, etc.

TRIP DISTRIBUTION

Having generated and attracted number of trips from the proposed development, we need to distribute the traffic onto the road system.

Understanding Transport Planning

• Land use - Economic Base Theory

                         - Location Theory

                         - Traffic Generation and attraction model

• Transport - Traffic Assignment modes

• Network - Transport capacity

Sustainable Community Planning in Tourism

Important of Community Planning in Tourism

Tourism is a sector that provides important contributions to the economy of that country. Especially many developing countries use tourism sector as economical development. Sustainable community will effects of tourism as well as the economical effects of tourism local community.

Community Participation in Tourism

Experiences of community-based tourism seek to achieve sustainable development, so that communities can improve their living conditions without disappearing and without give negative impacts to the environment. Some communities think tourism is separate from community. But actually the tourism is clearly gathers community together. An achievement cannot be succeeded with the tourism conducted according to this view point, because compatibility between tourism and community' economical and social life cannot be achieved. (Gun & Var, 2001). Beside that, the controlled development of tourism industry depends on the good will and help of community because the local community is the part of this product. If development and planning are not conducted in a compatible way with local demand and capacity, resistance and hostility destroys tourism industry as a whole (Timothy, 1999:373). Local community and its values are important for the tourism and tourists. Tourists gain important experiences by acknowledging the socio-cultural properties of society at the places they visit. Participation of society in tourism planning in community based tourism means “Gathering of community leaders, local community, other shareholders (sectoral representatives, non-governmental organizations) and their holding meetings in which tourism development targets are discussed and exchange of ideas is carried out” (Timothy,1999:373; Bahaire & White, 1999:248).

There are some methods used to ensure community participation.  (Dresen et al., 2002)

a) Awareness and Training Methods:

Methods of community participation has beencreated for community to be aware of planning and participation activities and to providethem to participate more.-

Community announcements and notices:

This method needs the least legalnecessity for announcing the community participation opportunities. It is posted on billboards where the community is present or published in newspapers.-

Exhibitions:

Maps, pictures or texts are arranged as posters and announced at the places where traffic is intense and community gathers mostly.

Direct mailing:

This is the method of sending the written information collectively and creating awareness. If message to be sent is easy, the best understood and easy method is direct mailing.-

Community calendars:

In this method, working calendar is filled with information about planning methods, important meeting dates and pictures or photographs provided by students or adults in working area.-

Other methods

News posts, community education meetings, web sites, media relationships are other awareness and education methods that provides community participation

Governance and sustainability

Definition
Sustainability
- Environment Sustainability: Built Environment + Naturally
- Economic Sustainability: Benefit of the activities, Effect or give changes. eg. If father work as a rubber tapper, its not mean that her son work as rubber tapper also for the future.
- Social- capital Sustainability: Stable government, less war and people live in happy

Aspects of Sustainable activities:
a) Empowerment- Engage decision making
b) Cooperation- Work together and interact each others
c) Equity- Access to allocate resources
d) Sustainability- Right of future generation
d) Security- Security of live hood

UNDP focuses 4 critical elements
1. Eliminating poverty
2. Creating job for the future and sustainable live hood
3. Protecting and regenerating environment
4. Promoting advancement of women

Governancet should be????
to be good sustainable authorities, government should be
- Participation of all
- Rule of law fair and enforced impartially
- Transparency free flow of information
- Responsiveness serve all
- Consensus public interests
- Equity opportunities to improve well-being
- Effectiveness/ efficiency meet the needs
- Accountability to public interest
- Vision for the future perspective

Domain of of governance
1. The state
2. Private
3. Civil Society